Никоненко Тамара Петрівна

   The term “diaspora” means those Ukrainians who reside abroad. Nowadays every third Ukrainian lives beyond Ukraine. The greatest number of people of the Ukrainian origin (almost 2 million) live in the USA; one million people live in Canada and half a million live in Poland and Romania.
   The first Ukrainians came to Canada on the 7^th of September, 1891. They were Ivan Pylypiv and Vasyl Jelenyak from the village of Nebylin. Their life in this country was very difficult because they were often discriminated and exploited. These first immigrants were illiterate Ukrainian peasants and they mostly went in for farming.
   The second and third waves consisted of better educated people, who began to work in various sectors of Canadian economy.
   The last wave of the Ukrainian immigrants to Canada are well educated people, who have graduated from colleges and universities. So they work in business or industry, services or universities. The Canadian Ukrainians try to preserve their cultural traditions. There are many Ukrainian churches, amateur art groups, community centres and museums, which preserve Ukrainian cultural legacy.
   The Ukrainian language is taught at 12 universities and at some schools. There are several Ukrainian publishing houses in the country, too. In Canada there are monuments to such prominent Ukrainians as Taras Shevchenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan Franko and Vasyl Stephanyk.
   The Ukrainian community in Canada is one of the largest and best organized communities in the country.

Agree or disagree

1. I woke up at eight o’clock the next morning.
2. At that time Harris had rooms in the house of a lady called Mrs. Gippings.
3. One morning his watch stopped at ten o’clock.
4. This happened in spring, so it was dark in the morning.
5. When George woke up, he looked at his watch. It was a quarter past eight.
6. George took his watch and ran upstairs. The dining-room was dark and silent.
7. George was very angry with Mrs. Gippings.
8. The front door was unlocked.
9. There were many people about in the street and shops were open.
10. George could see only three people: a policeman, a man, who was taking vegetables to the market and one was a taxi-driver.
11. George asked the taxi-driver what time it was.

to fetch— сходити за кимось, принести

plodding – повільний і важкий

prank— витівка

to look on — дивитися як на, вважати за

whereabouts— приблизне місцезнаходження

to urge— примушувати, поганяти

to wander — мандрувати, блукати

errand— доручення

mole [maul] — кріт
inhabitant— житель
solitude— усамітнювання, самотність
runaway— втікач
menial— зневажлив. слуга, лакей
perception— сприйняття, відчуття
scared— наляканий
hostility— ворожість
dweller — житель
   New York is famous for its 24-hour street life. But below street level, in New York’s thousands of tunnels, there is a very different city with a population of around 14,000. This is where the “Mole People” live. The “Mole People” don’t like being called “Mole People”. Many don’t like being called “the underground homeless” either because they have finally found somewhere to call home in the network of subway and railroad tunnels. In some areas these tunnels are often seven levels below the street. Unlike most American homes, the smell of waste hits you in face. But the people that live there get used to that quite quickly and learn the places where there’s less of a smell… and fewer rats! (although, some actually eat the rats!)
   People live here for a variety of reasons; two very common ones are that it’s safer and warmer than the streets or they are hiding from abusive family members. Some inhabitants say they were attacked when they were homeless on the streets and are too scared to live there again. Other more “extreme” tunnel in­habitants simply reject the outside world and “the system”. Although some live  in solitude, the population generally divides into different communities. Runa­ways and drug addicts are two large groups but there are more. Some inhabit­ants are mentally ill. Some are women who don’t want their children taken away from them, so they take them to live in the tunnels. Many inhabitants criticize mothers doing this, saying that it’s a terrible place for children to live in. It’s not most adults’ choice either.
   The best place to live is not too near the surface because there can be too much noise from the trains (and the rats live at the top), but not too deep either. “There are some who live so deep down that nobody sees them and they don’t re­ally speak”, says one inhabitant. This is many people’s perception of how most of the tunnel people are, but this is incorrect; some have menial jobs above ground, in some tunnels there are fresh water pipes, and although it is dark most of the time in the tunnels, some have power cables so that electrical devices and lights can be used. Some tunnels even have their own mayor or representative. Although some tunnel inhabitants never leave, others beg for food during the day. In theo­ry, it’s hard to starve in New York because people and restaurants tend to throw so much food away.
   Another way of surviving is to collect cans. Some stores will give a couple of cents per can collected.
   The outside world is not invited into the tunnels, visitors are not welcome and are often treated with suspicion and hostility. It is for this reason there is not much written about them. Many tunnels have “guards”, others require a “code” to get in. As the tunnel dwellers are not part of “the official city”, they are not given much help with their health or welfare.

   Academy Awards is the name for prizes given annually in the United States by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for excellence in the crea­tion and production of motion pictures. First presented in 1929 for films shown in 1927 and 1928, the Academy Awards, commonly known as Oscars, are among the film industry’s most coveted prizes.